Sigmund Freud (Long and "sensitive")
Sigmund Freud was born in Příbor, Czech Republic, on May 6, 1856, he was an Austrian neurologist of Jewish origin, father of psychoanalysis and one of the greatest intellectual figures of the 20th century.
His initial scientific interest as a researcher focused on the field of neurology, progressively drifting towards the psychological aspect of mental disorders, investigations that he would give an account of in the casuistry of his private practice.
He studied in Paris, with the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, the applications of hypnosis in the treatment of hysteria. Back in the city of Vienna and in collaboration with Josef Breuer he developed the cathartic method.
(The cathartic method is a psychotherapeutic technique, which had application in the early days of psychoanalysis, consisting of provoking a therapeutic effect through the purge or discharge of pathogenic affects linked to traumatic events through their evocation.)
Gradually, he replaced both hypnotic suggestion and the cathartic method with free association and dream interpretation.
Similarly, the initial search focused on the recollection of psychogenic traumas as symptom producers was opening the way to the development of a more differentiated etiological theory of neuroses.
All this became the starting point of psychoanalysis, to which he devoted himself the rest of his life uninterruptedly.
Freud postulated the existence of a polymorphous perverse infantile sexuality, thesis that caused intense controversy in the puritan society of Vienna at the beginning of the 20th century and for which he was accused of being a pansexualist.
(Pansexuality is a human sexual orientation, defined as the romantic or sexual attraction towards other people regardless of their gender or sex. There is no consensus on its definition, since each person defines it according to their own subjectivity.)
Despite the hostility he had to face with his revolutionary theories and hypotheses, Freud would eventually become one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.
His theories, however, continue to be discussed and criticized, if not simply rejected. Many limit their contribution to the field of thought and culture in general, there is a wide debate about whether or not psychoanalysis belongs to the field of science.
The division of opinions that the figure of Freud arouses could be summarized as follows: some consider him more a great scientist in the field of medicine, who discovered a large part of human psychic functioning; and others see him especially as a philosopher who rethinked human nature and helped break down taboos, but whose theories, as a science, fail on rigorous examination.
On August 28, 1930, Freud was awarded the Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt am Main for his creative activity. Also in honor of Freud, who is often referred to as the father of psychoanalysis, the name "Freud" was given to a small lunar impact crater located on a plateau within Oceanus Procellarum, on the northwestern part of the visible side of Moon.
According to numerous letters between Freud and his friend Eduard Silberstein, written between 1871 and 1881, both learned Spanish in a self-taught way. They even formed a kind of secret society that they name "Academia Castellana" (AC) and used as pseudonyms the names of the two protagonist dogs of The Colloquium of the Dogs of the "Great Cervantes"; Freud used to sign as Cipion and Silberstein as Berganza. Published in 1965, the letters have been translated into English, Italian, Spanish and French. The originals are in the Library of Congress.
Freud innovated in two fields. He simultaneously developed, on the one hand, a theory of the mind and of human behavior; and on the other, a therapeutic technique to help people with mental disorders.
Reud searched for an explanation of the way the mind works. He proposed a structure of it divided into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego
The id represents the primal drives or impulses. According to Freud, it is the engine of human thought and behavior. It contains our most primitive desires gratification.
The superego, the part that counteracts the id, represents moral and ethical thoughts.
The self remains between the two. It works by mediating between our primitive needs and our ethical and moral beliefs. It is not synonymous with consciousness (there are parts of the self that are unconscious). A healthy self provides the ability to adapt to reality and interact with the outside world in a way that represents the best compromise between the id's drives and desires and the restrictive or punitive demands coming from the superego.
Probably the most significant contribution he has made to modern thought is in trying to give it a statusscientist (not shared by various branches of science and psychology) to the concept of the unconscious (which he took from Eduard von Hartmann, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche).
His concepts of "unconscious", "unconscious desire" and "repression" were revolutionary. They propose a mind divided into layers or levels, dominated to some extent by a primitive will, beyond the conscious sphere and manifested in "productions" such as jokes, lapses, failed acts, dreams and symptoms.
In his best known work, The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung, 1900), Freud explains the argument for postulating the new model of the unconscious and develops a method to gain access to it, taking elements from his previous experiences.
As part of his theory, he also postulates the existence of a preconscious, which he describes as the layer between the conscious and the unconscious (the term subconscious is popularly used, but is not part of psychoanalytic terminology).
Repression, on the other hand, has great importance in the knowledge of the unconscious. According to Freud, people often experience such painful thoughts and feelings that they cannot bear them. Freud refers to this idea throughout his work, mainly in his Works on Metapsychology.
According to him, these thoughts and feelings (as well as the associated memories) cannot be expelled from the mind, but from the conscious to become part of the unconscious, keeping what is repressed its psychic effectiveness and returning in the form of some of its productions.
Freud was especially interested in the dynamics of these three parts of the mind. He argued that this relationship is influenced by innate factors or energies, which he called drives. He described two antagonistic drives:
Eros or life drive, a sexual drive tending to preserve life.
Thanatos or death drive. It represents an aggressive motion, although sometimes it resolves into a drive that induces us to return to a state of calm, the principle of nirvana or non-existence, which he based on his studies on protozoa
Freud also held that the libido matures in individuals through the change of its object. He argued that infantile sexuality is "polymorphically perverse," in the sense that a wide variety of objects can be a source of pleasure. As people develop, they fixate on different specific objects in different phases:
Oral phase, exemplified by the pleasure of infants in lactation.
Anal phase, exemplified by children's pleasure in controlling their sphincters.
Phallic phase. He proposed that there comes a time when children go into a phase where they fixate on the opposite sex parent (Oedipus complex). He developed a model that explains how this pattern fits into the development of the dynamics of the mind. Each phase is a progression toward sexual maturity, characterized by a strong self, and the ability to delay the need for gratification.
Latency period, in which psychic forces are developed that inhibit the sexual impulse and reduce its direction.
Genital phase, arises in adolescence, when the genital organs mature. Sexual and aggressive desires arise.
I'll leave this biography up to here, not because I don't find it interesting, but because it is very, very long, I will leave a link here so that you can finish reading it> https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud
His initial scientific interest as a researcher focused on the field of neurology, progressively drifting towards the psychological aspect of mental disorders, investigations that he would give an account of in the casuistry of his private practice.
He studied in Paris, with the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, the applications of hypnosis in the treatment of hysteria. Back in the city of Vienna and in collaboration with Josef Breuer he developed the cathartic method.
(The cathartic method is a psychotherapeutic technique, which had application in the early days of psychoanalysis, consisting of provoking a therapeutic effect through the purge or discharge of pathogenic affects linked to traumatic events through their evocation.)
Gradually, he replaced both hypnotic suggestion and the cathartic method with free association and dream interpretation.
Similarly, the initial search focused on the recollection of psychogenic traumas as symptom producers was opening the way to the development of a more differentiated etiological theory of neuroses.
All this became the starting point of psychoanalysis, to which he devoted himself the rest of his life uninterruptedly.
Freud postulated the existence of a polymorphous perverse infantile sexuality, thesis that caused intense controversy in the puritan society of Vienna at the beginning of the 20th century and for which he was accused of being a pansexualist.
(Pansexuality is a human sexual orientation, defined as the romantic or sexual attraction towards other people regardless of their gender or sex. There is no consensus on its definition, since each person defines it according to their own subjectivity.)
Despite the hostility he had to face with his revolutionary theories and hypotheses, Freud would eventually become one of the most influential figures of the 20th century.
His theories, however, continue to be discussed and criticized, if not simply rejected. Many limit their contribution to the field of thought and culture in general, there is a wide debate about whether or not psychoanalysis belongs to the field of science.
The division of opinions that the figure of Freud arouses could be summarized as follows: some consider him more a great scientist in the field of medicine, who discovered a large part of human psychic functioning; and others see him especially as a philosopher who rethinked human nature and helped break down taboos, but whose theories, as a science, fail on rigorous examination.
On August 28, 1930, Freud was awarded the Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt am Main for his creative activity. Also in honor of Freud, who is often referred to as the father of psychoanalysis, the name "Freud" was given to a small lunar impact crater located on a plateau within Oceanus Procellarum, on the northwestern part of the visible side of Moon.
According to numerous letters between Freud and his friend Eduard Silberstein, written between 1871 and 1881, both learned Spanish in a self-taught way. They even formed a kind of secret society that they name "Academia Castellana" (AC) and used as pseudonyms the names of the two protagonist dogs of The Colloquium of the Dogs of the "Great Cervantes"; Freud used to sign as Cipion and Silberstein as Berganza. Published in 1965, the letters have been translated into English, Italian, Spanish and French. The originals are in the Library of Congress.
Freud innovated in two fields. He simultaneously developed, on the one hand, a theory of the mind and of human behavior; and on the other, a therapeutic technique to help people with mental disorders.
Reud searched for an explanation of the way the mind works. He proposed a structure of it divided into three parts: the id, the ego and the superego
The id represents the primal drives or impulses. According to Freud, it is the engine of human thought and behavior. It contains our most primitive desires gratification.
The superego, the part that counteracts the id, represents moral and ethical thoughts.
The self remains between the two. It works by mediating between our primitive needs and our ethical and moral beliefs. It is not synonymous with consciousness (there are parts of the self that are unconscious). A healthy self provides the ability to adapt to reality and interact with the outside world in a way that represents the best compromise between the id's drives and desires and the restrictive or punitive demands coming from the superego.
Probably the most significant contribution he has made to modern thought is in trying to give it a statusscientist (not shared by various branches of science and psychology) to the concept of the unconscious (which he took from Eduard von Hartmann, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche).
His concepts of "unconscious", "unconscious desire" and "repression" were revolutionary. They propose a mind divided into layers or levels, dominated to some extent by a primitive will, beyond the conscious sphere and manifested in "productions" such as jokes, lapses, failed acts, dreams and symptoms.
In his best known work, The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung, 1900), Freud explains the argument for postulating the new model of the unconscious and develops a method to gain access to it, taking elements from his previous experiences.
As part of his theory, he also postulates the existence of a preconscious, which he describes as the layer between the conscious and the unconscious (the term subconscious is popularly used, but is not part of psychoanalytic terminology).
Repression, on the other hand, has great importance in the knowledge of the unconscious. According to Freud, people often experience such painful thoughts and feelings that they cannot bear them. Freud refers to this idea throughout his work, mainly in his Works on Metapsychology.
According to him, these thoughts and feelings (as well as the associated memories) cannot be expelled from the mind, but from the conscious to become part of the unconscious, keeping what is repressed its psychic effectiveness and returning in the form of some of its productions.
Freud was especially interested in the dynamics of these three parts of the mind. He argued that this relationship is influenced by innate factors or energies, which he called drives. He described two antagonistic drives:
Eros or life drive, a sexual drive tending to preserve life.
Thanatos or death drive. It represents an aggressive motion, although sometimes it resolves into a drive that induces us to return to a state of calm, the principle of nirvana or non-existence, which he based on his studies on protozoa
Freud also held that the libido matures in individuals through the change of its object. He argued that infantile sexuality is "polymorphically perverse," in the sense that a wide variety of objects can be a source of pleasure. As people develop, they fixate on different specific objects in different phases:
Oral phase, exemplified by the pleasure of infants in lactation.
Anal phase, exemplified by children's pleasure in controlling their sphincters.
Phallic phase. He proposed that there comes a time when children go into a phase where they fixate on the opposite sex parent (Oedipus complex). He developed a model that explains how this pattern fits into the development of the dynamics of the mind. Each phase is a progression toward sexual maturity, characterized by a strong self, and the ability to delay the need for gratification.
Latency period, in which psychic forces are developed that inhibit the sexual impulse and reduce its direction.
Genital phase, arises in adolescence, when the genital organs mature. Sexual and aggressive desires arise.
I'll leave this biography up to here, not because I don't find it interesting, but because it is very, very long, I will leave a link here so that you can finish reading it> https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud
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